Born and initially spread as a Jewish movement and unconnected with the classical world, Christianity became an identifiable religion in the mid-second century CE, above all due to its contacts with the Greek civilisation, from which it borrowed many ethical and ideological principles. nevertheless, Christianity only reached its whole identity after its transformation in religion, i.e., in the Roman sense of the word, when Christianity was became to be seen as a supernatural protection for both society and the Roman Empire. (...) With the consequent changes in its hierarchy, rituals, and beliefs, Christian religion thus lost its main Jewish and Hellenistic features. The Constantine’s reform and the religious policy of his successors definitely sealed this radical and far-reaching evolution as this paper will try to focus on in further details, highlighting the most decisive aspects and moments. (shrink)

The Paleolithic art interpretation is still a polemical subject. Nearly 300 caves covered with Paleolithic paintings have been discovered and more than 90% are located in Spain and in France. Surprisingly, more than half the painted illustrations are abstract patterns such as dots and lines. The high realism of naturalist figures also stands out. We will present the four groups of theories that have been formulated since the end of the XIXth century in order to interpret the Paleolithic art: the (...) artistic theory from Lartet and Piette; the magical hunting theory from anthropologists such as Tylor and Frazer and archeologists like Breuil; the structuralist theory from Raphael, Leroi- Gourhan and Laming-Emperaire; and lastly the shamanist theory from Lewis-Williams and Clottes. We will also refer to the agglutinative theory gathering all of these from Ucko and Rosefeld. Afterwards I will offer my own thought. Paleolithic paintings are the expression the life led by every generation of the clan. The panels or the set of animals as much as the painted signs are their own History collection. (shrink)

Una crisis de sentido parece estar afectando importantes instituciones artísticascomo las bienales (empezando por las más emblemáticas, la de Veneciay la de San Pablo), después de haber impactado en las propias obras de artea lo largo del siglo XX y en especial en los años 1960. Explorando estastransformaciones, este artículo advierte una especie de “giro teórico” queemerge en el mundo del arte como respuesta a la crisis y busca caracterizarloa partir de una comparación con algunas tendencias de la tradición moderna,política (...) y cultural, del siglo XIX. (shrink)

La difusión de distintos tipos de teorías paranoicas parece tener una influencia creciente en la opinión pública de las democracias contemporáneas. Se intenta revisar aquí algunas fuentes clásicas que podrían explicar los orígenes y alcances de estas formas de pensar la política. A partir de la revisión de diversas aportaciones, como las de historiadores o teóricos como Freud, Popper y Canetti, se intentará desentrañar algunas características del pensamiento conspirativo sobre la sociedad. Para actualizar el tema se recurre también a reflexiones (...) de pensadores como Eco y Bobbio, entre otros. Según se argumenta, la crisis de legitimidad de nuestros sistemas políticos proporciona un trasfondo para la proliferación de explicaciones paranoicas, alimentadas también por la despolitización y el predominio de las demandas subjetivas en la arena pública. (shrink)

"¿Buenas noticias sobre la 'muerte del arte"™? Arte, historia y polí­tica entre el comunitarismo hegeliano y el individualismo de Danto" La tesis, de origen hegeliano, acerca de la muerte del arte a dado lugar a múltiples interpretaciones en el último siglo y medio. Una de las más recientes y originales es la que defendió Arthur C. Danto en Después de la muerte del arte. En este ensayo, se examinan crí­ticamente las principales lí­neas argumentativas expuestas en dicha obra, tanto a la (...) luz de su fuente hegeliana como de algunas de sus lecturas más relevantes. De tal suerte que sea posible precisar los puntos de conflicto entre las visiones de Hegel y de Danto, pero también que se valore el alcance de los análisis de este último respecto del arte contemporáneo. "Good news about the 'death of the art'? Art, history and politics between the hegelian comunitarism and the Danto's individualism" The thesis, of hegelian stamp, about the death of the art had given place to multiple interpretations in the last and a half century. One of the most recent and originals is the one that Arthur C. Danto defended in After the Art"™ s death. In this essay, the main argumentative lines exposed in this work are examined critically, so much by the light of its hegelian source as by some of their more important readings. Thus, that is possible to specify the conflict points among the visions of Hegel and Danto, but also that the reach of the analyses of Danto is valued regarding the contemporary art. (shrink)

The notion of hyperrandomness is introduced and it is proved that the set of the hyperrandom numbers is effectively inmune but not hyperinmune.

The notion of hyperrandomness is introduced and it is proved that the set of the hyperrandom numbers is effectively inmune but not hyperinmune.

A very general multi-recursion theorem is proved, particular cases of which are the Kleene’s fixed point theorem and the Smullyan’s double recursion theorem.

Los orígenes del patriarcado se remontan a los comienzos del pensamiento filosófico, por no mencionar el religioso, y los cuestionamientos a esa noción vienen tomando cada vez más impulso a lo largo del mundo en los últimos años. Un reflejo académico de ese movimiento es la relectura crítica de los clásicos de la filosofía a la luz del avance de los feminismos y las consideraciones de género. Juliana Udi brinda en su introducción a Patriarca un análisis exhaustivo de un clásico (...) de la filosofía política seguido de una traducción elegante y cuidadosamente anotada. Con ello intenta un regreso a las fuentes modernas del patriarcado político para identificar sus fundamentos teóricos y su contexto histórico, pero también para discutir desde una perspectiva de género su persistencia social en nuestros días. (shrink)

The Habermasian concept of ‘interest’ has had a profound effect on the characterization of scientific disciplines. Going beyond issues unrelated to the theory itself, intra‐theoretical interest characterizes the specific ways of approaching any science‐related discipline, defining research topics and methodologies. This approach was developed by Jürgen Habermas in relation to empirical–analytical sciences, historical–hermeneutics sciences, and critical sciences; however, he did not make any specific references to health sciences. This article aims to contribute to shaping a general epistemological framework for health (...) sciences, as well as its specific implications for the medical and nursing areas, via an analysis of the basic knowledge interests developed by Habermas. (shrink)

Information on the risks and benefits related to surgical procedures is essential for patients in order to obtain their informed consent. Some disciplines, such as sociolinguistics, offer insights that are helpful for patient—professional communication in both written and oral consent. Communication difficulties become more acute when patients make decisions through an informed consent document because they may sign this with a lack of understanding and information, and consequently feel deprived of their freedom to make their choice about different treatments or (...) surgery. This article discusses findings from documentary analysis using the sociolinguistic SPEAKING model, which was applied to the general and specific informed consent documents required for laparoscopic surgery of the bile duct at Torrecárdenas Hospital, Almería, Spain. The objective of this procedure was to identify flaws when information was provided, together with its readability, its voluntary basis, and patients’ consent. The results suggest potential linguistic communication difficulties, different languages being used, cultural clashes, asymmetry of communication between professionals and patients, assignment of rights on the part of patients, and overprotection of professionals and institutions. (shrink)

The study of these fundamental questions, which were in part already addressed in a first monographic section dedicated to Ḥasdai Crescas in the last issue of this journal, is expanded in its perspective and scope by the articles contained in this second dossier.

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor, which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely (...) known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements. The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values. (shrink)

A dimensional reduction algorithm is applied to an intelligent classification model with the purpose of improving the efficiency and accuracy. The proposed classification model, used to distinguish the operating mode: Hard- and Soft-Switching, is presented and an analysis of the synchronized rectified step-down converter is done. With the aim of improving the accuracy and reducing the computational cost of the model, three different methods for dimensional reduction are applied to the input dataset of the model: self-organizing maps, principal component analysis (...) and correlation matrix. The obtained results show how the number of variable is highly reduced and the performance of the classification model is boosted: the results manifest an improve in the accuracy and efficiency of the classification. (shrink)

The phenomenon of prophecy is a significant topic with a relevant uniqueness in medieval Jewish thought. In Jewish tradition, prophecy was a form of intermediation between the divine and human. Our intention in this paper is to explore and understand this problem like a theological idea and like an intellectual phenomenon of consciousness with obvious epistemological implications. We shall do taking into account the philosophical influences of this conception, fundamentally Islamic thinkers, and focusing our search in the most significant perspectives (...) about the topic, namely Yehudah Ha-Levi, Abraham ibn Daud and Moses Maimonides. (shrink)

Resumen: En la historia de la recepción de Samuel Beckett en los países de habla no inglesa, la primera traducción de Comment c’est al castellano, realizada por José Emilio Pacheco en 1966, aparece como un hito aislado y deslumbrante. Esta traducción a partir del texto original en francés, hecha por el poeta mexicano cuando tenía 27 años, no tuvo una repercusión notable en su momento, a pesar de la audacia de la empresa y de la brillantez de la traducción. (...) Sin embargo, a raíz de la trayectoria de Pacheco como crítico, traductor y poeta de primera magnitud, se considera necesario hacer una evaluación en profundidad de este texto único. El objetivo de este artículo es el de analizar la versión de Pacheco del texto beckettiano por medio de un acercamiento al contexto histórico y a los elementos propios de su bagaje cultural que el poeta aporta a la elaboración de su traducción. Se trata, en definitiva, de explicar cómo se lee a Beckett en español por medio de Pacheco.: The first translation into Spanish of Samuel Beckett’s Comment c’est, by José Emilio Pacheco, Cómo es, stands out as a dazzling and unprecedented landmark in the history of the reception of the Irish author in non-English-speaking countries. In his translation the 27-year-old Mexican poet took the French original version as his main source but, despite its daring quality and the brilliance of the text rendered into Spanish, it had little impact in the cultural atmosphere of its day. In light of Pacheco’s standing in the world of letters as a first-rank critic, translator and poet, it is deemed necessary a reassessment of this unique text. The aim of this article is to analyze Pacheco’s translation of Samuel Beckett’s novel; for this purpose, the historical context and the personal elements that the poet incorporated from his personal background into his version of Comment c’est will be studied in detail. All in all, the final objective of this research is to explain how Beckett is read in Spanish through Pacheco’s version. (shrink)

A hemi-implicative lattice is an algebra \((A,\wedge,\vee,\rightarrow,1)\) of type (2, 2, 2, 0) such that \((A,\wedge,\vee,1)\) is a lattice with top and for every \(a,b\in A\), \(a\rightarrow a = 1\) and \(a\wedge (a\rightarrow b) \le b\). A new variety of hemi-implicative lattices, here named sub-Hilbert lattices, containing both the variety generated by the \(\{\wedge,\vee,\rightarrow,1\}\) -reducts of subresiduated lattices and that of Hilbert lattices as proper subvarieties is defined. It is shown that any sub-Hilbert lattice is determined (up to isomorphism) by (...) a triple (_L_, _D_, _S_) which satisfies the following conditions: _L_ is a bounded distributive lattice, _D_ is a sublattice of _L_ containing 0, 1 such that for each \(a, b \in L\) there is an element \(c \in D\) with the property that for all \(d \in D\), \(a \wedge d \le b\) if and only if \(d \le c\) (we write \(a \rightarrow _D b\) for the element _c_), and _S_ is a non void subset of _L_ such that _S_ is closed under \(\rightarrow _D\) and _S_, with its inherited order, is itself a lattice. Finally, the congruences of sub-Hilbert lattices are studied. (shrink)

La obra de Jean Améry es uno de los intentos más notables de reflexión filosófica crítica y sistemática realizada por un superviviente del Holocausto. Jean Améry ejemplifica a través de su propia persona y de su escritura un _ethos_ inflexible de humanismo radical, frente a un mundo transformado por el totalitarismo en ámbito de extrañamiento. En este artículo queremos acercarnos a su pensamiento desde la perspectiva de la original teorización del resentimiento que en él se desarrolla. Una reflexión sobre la (...) condición humana y sobre la exigencia de justicia y reparación entendida como ontología negativa de la condición humana y como una moralidad que teoriza el futuro como una suerte de imposibilidad. (shrink)

El acontecimiento radical simbolizado por Auschwitz sigue demandando una articulación discursiva, un pensamiento “después de”, setenta y cinco años después de la liberación de los campos. ¿Tiene Auschwitz esa relevancia y significación universal? ¿Son las implicaciones de este acontecimiento tan vinculantes que le hacen trascender los límites de su propia y radical particularidad? Determinar el significado de un acontecimiento como el que simboliza el lager de Auschwitz ha sido y sigue siendo un reto para el pensamiento,con profundas implicaciones estéticas, metafísicas (...) y ético-políticas. (shrink)

Pedro de Toledo’s translation, Enseñador e Mostrador delos Turbados, is the earliest and most extensive philosophical text to appear in Spanish. The first translation into a vernacular language of RaMBaM’s Guide for the Perplexed is presented in Ms. 10289 of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. The text seems an intellectual battle-field. It presents some interesting and peculiar characteristics at once: a text covered with glosses of the translator himself, and comments, variant translations, philosophical and theological disagreements, the use of rabbinic and (...) scriptural sources, by an anonymous critical commentator. These discrepancies show how the sensitive nature of the Maimonides ideas demands a particular hermeneutics, and offers an interesting view about the Spanish Jewish controversy in the fifteenth century. (shrink)

Our paper carries out a reading of the Abraham ibn Daud's Book of Tradition, with the purpose of showing the suggestive theological-political intuitions that this singular medieval chronicle contains. Putting the emphasis in diachronic hermeneutics, more that in an archaeology of the ideas, we want to investigate if the historical vicissitudes of the Iberic Jewish communities, their community controversies, as well as their permanent religious and identity self-reflection, can provide relevant elements to an understanding of the present.

Escrito originalmente en catalán alrededor de 1397-1398, _La inconsistencia de los dogmas cristianos_ (_Sefer Biṭṭul Iqqarei Ha-Noṣrim_) de Ḥasdai Crescas es una obra polemística que cuestiona el dogma cristiano utilizando argumentos filosóficos y lógicos, y no citas de la Biblia. En sus páginas, Crescas demuestra un profundo conocimiento de la teología y el dogma cristiano. Esta obra, como la totalidad de la obra cresquiana, es inseparable del contexto histórico del que brota: las persecuciones de 1391 y su corolario de conversiones (...) masivas y de fundamentalismo misional cristiano. Nuestro propósito en este artículo es abordar su estudio indagando en la interpretación crítica de la doctrina cristiana del pecado original que Crescas realiza, su conexión con el ideario del propio autor, así como con el contexto del que la obra brota. (shrink)

Con el presente trabajo nos acercamos a la figura de don Pedro José Baena y Núñez, quien fuera vicario general de Estepa, esto es, titular de una prelacía menor que gobernaba eclesiásticamente una jurisdicción exenta o nullius dioecesis que comprendía el territorio de lo que fue el marquesado de Estepa; especialmente se analiza su comportamiento durante la ocupación francesa de este territorio entre los años 1810 y 1812, del cual hemos tenido conocimiento a través de un proceso judicial que (...) se le incoó, llamado de purificación, al poco tiempo de la marcha de los franceses y que se conserva en el archivo de la vicaría de Estepa, custodiado hoy en el del arzobispado hispalense. (shrink)

Jerónimo Salvador de Araujo, in this brief treatise, argues why it should be considered that there is a philosophy of arms, as well as why said philosophy must conform a science. For this purpose, he will rely on the Sacred Scriptures as an initial legitimation and, throughout the argumentation, on Aristotle and his definitions of universal science, particular science, technique, etc. The whole treatise is structured following syllogistic forms of Aristotelian origin.

The relationship between social and financial performance (CSP – FP) has been a main objective in the literature on business management, as it would provide an economic justification for the social investment insofar as it contributes to the creation of value. This relationship has been empirically tested by several authors though without using a theoretical model that sustains this relationship. The aim of this article is to propose a theoretical model of the process of the creation of value from the (...) reputation generated by companies, integrating the factors that have been shown to be more relevant in this process from previous research, in such a way that hypotheses are put forward regarding the existence of this relationship and the factors that determine it. Finally, an empirical test is performed using the 100 most prestigious companies operating in Spain during 2004. (shrink)

Al abordar el estudio de la obra de Primo Levi, encontramos, ligada al núcleo de referencias que tienen como fuente su experiencia como superviviente del Holocausto, una temática singular, concebida por el autor como ejemplo de respuesta de la razón humana frente a la barbarie. El trabajo creativo, el mundo de los oficios, recorre como profunda reivindicación moral toda la obra de Levi, siendo la línea de fuerza positiva más importante que puede hallarse en la misma. En el presente artículo (...) vamos a abordar críticamente este fecundo ámbito de referencialidad, analizando su concepción, sus vinculaciones y sus límites. (shrink)

La lectura del profesor Fernando Vallespín sobre el _Leviatán _de Thomas Hobbes resulta tan heterodoxa como oportuna para entender las “guerras ideológicas” del presente, en tanto incide en la faceta retórica de su lenguaje y su sustrato pasional, así como revela el trasfondo de un dilema, inherente al liberalismo, que hoy vuelve a reproducirse: el de la conciliación entre el pluralismo axiológico y la adhesión a un conjunto de principios universales. En la condición de axioma del instinto de supervivencia en (...) Hobbes, es decir, en la prevalencia del miedo como presupuesto de partida, que en sí no obedece a decisión racional alguna, probablemente radique un motivo crucial para que Hobbes no descartase acudir al lenguaje emocional. La complejidad reside en la intromisión de Hobbes en la “guerra de las plumas”, abierta a un pluralismo que se repliega en defensa del absolutismo y la cientificidad. (shrink)

En la Visión Deleytable encontramos la reivindicación de un racionalismo de inspiración maimonidiana y el despliegue de una amplia amalgama de saberes. Sin embargo, una pulsión de autolimitación racional recorre también la obra, una predisposición notable hacia lo esotérico y lo críptico, lo numinoso y lo arcano. Contrapunto de la vocación racionalizadora de la Visión, es esta una pulsión que se alimenta de la propia idiosincrasia de Alfonso de la Torre, de factores epocales, pero, sobre todo, de una tradición cultural (...) de la que es receptor, a la que se pliega gustoso y que cruza transversalmente la obra. Nos proponemos, en el presente artículo, una lectura de algunos de los ejemplos que mejor representan este polo de racionalidad invertida presente en esta obra excepcional. (shrink)

The distinction between potentiality and possibility in Aristotle’s modal teleology is sometimes conflated by the implicative conjunction that potentiality implies possibility and possibility implies potentiality. In his unpublished doctoral dissertation Richard Rorty warns that trying to pin down Aristotle’s definition of potentiality often leads to treating the term as a “mere façon de parler.” Consonant with Rorty, this paper observes that the definition of possibility in Aristotle’s works is not without its own share of semantic snags. Subsequently, I abide by (...) Rorty’s caveat not only to resist the lure of expressive convenience some commentators have taken in describing potentiality, but also to elucidate possibility’s two-fold field of modal application. Consequently, this paper aims to present a nuanced account of how notions of potentiality and possibility are presented in Aristotle’s treatises for the sake of demonstrating that both sides of the potentiality/possibility conjunction do not mutually imply. (shrink)

Un pasaje singular y específico de la introducción general de Maimónides a la Guía de perplejos, en la versión cuatrocentista de Pedro de Toledo, sirve como punto de partida en este artículo para la indagación en una problemática esencial vinculada al Moré nebujim desde sus orígenes: la dualidad esotérico/exotérico como raíz primordial y distintiva de las enseñanzas que contiene. Explorar los límites y el contenido de esta distinción en el pensamiento maimonidiano nos confronta con un haz fascinante de problemáticas de (...) enorme importancia filosófica, de naturaleza gnoseológica, teológico-política y moral. A ellas nos acercaremos de modo crítico, en la búsqueda de una dilucidación del sentido que el secreto y la ocultación tiene para Maimónides, así como para sus intérpretes. (shrink)

It can be stated that self-regulated learning (SRL) brings broad benefits to the process of students' learning and studying. However, research has yet to be undertaken in relation to one of its components, namely self-regulation of motivation and affectivity. The main objectives of this study are to examine the use of self-motivation strategies that involve classmates and to obtain models on the influence of academic goals and self-efficacy on such self-motivation strategies. To this end, was conducted a study using two (...) different samples of students in the compulsory secondary education or baccalaureate stages in Spain (N = 613 and N = 910). The results obtained indicate that, with regard to gender, differences only exist in the use of the strategy of deception (t = 5.450, p <.001, d =.364). That the two pairs of strategies positively and significantly correlated with one another (r =.239, p <.01 and r =.355, p <.01). That only the strategy of annulation of others correlates with a more adaptive type of motivation. Thus, the group of students that reported the greatest level in its use also did so in relation to task and ego self-enhancing goals, to self-efficacy, and being negatively associated with the goal of work avoidance. Finally, were offered models on relationships between academic goals, self-efficacy and enhancement and annulation strategies (χ² (8) = 5.204, p =.736) and deception and annulation strategies (χ² (4) = 3.228, p =.520). (shrink)

In the Critique of the Power of Judgment, Immanuel Kant argues that when we form a judgment of taste, the representation goes together with a demand that we require others to share. Some commentators note that the aesthetic feeling in a judgment of taste and its expectant universality seems to display a normative necessity in the explicit judgment itself, and that the expression of this normative component is sometimes stated as a claim to which everyone ought to conform. In this (...) paper, I argue that the normative component of taste and its concomitant demand should not be interpreted too strongly as an actual expectation, but rather as only a conceivable possibility. Toward this end, I examine several passages for the declaration of taste to call into view certain caveats which suggest that Kant’s description of an intersubjective demand arising concomitantly with a judgment of taste functions only as an “analogical ought,” i. e., that the demand of taste is expressed as if the satisfaction I feel in a judgment of taste can possibly demand universal assent. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se ensaya un diagnóstico crítico de la situación vigente en educación, desde la conjunción de la filosofía neoliberal con la tradición filosófica política de la educación latinoamericana, con el propósito de establecer e instanciar la pregunta por el rol del profesor y el quehacer de la pedagogía de la liberación en la actualidad latinoamericana. La investigación en su contexto más amplio -en cuya base se encuentra la _filosofía política de la educación nuestroamericana_- se propone propiciar un (...) diálogo participativo y reflexivo que sumerja la discusión actual en educación y política en una categoría como la esclavitud social y escolar, siempre con el imperativo de pensar _desde_ y _para _Latinoamérica. (shrink)